Cancer stem cells in Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated gastric carcinoma

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a decisive role in the development and progression of cancer. To investigate CSCs in Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐associated carcinoma (EBVaGC), we screened previously reported stem cell markers of gastric cancer in EBV‐infected gastric cancer cell lines (TMK1 and NUGC3) and identified CD44v6v9 double positive cells as candidate CSCs. CD44v6/v9^+/+ cells were sorted from EBVaGC cell line (SNU719) cells and EBV‐infected TMK1 cells and these cell populations showed high spheroid‐forming ability and tumor formation in SCID mice compared with the respective CD44v6/v9^?/? cells. Sphere‐forming ability was dependent on the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathway, which was confirmed by decrease of sphere formation ability under BAY 11‐7082. Small interfering RNA knockdown of latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), one of the latent gene products of EBV infection, decreased spheroid formation in SNU719 cells. Transfection of the LMP2A gene increased the sphere‐forming ability of TMK1 cells, which was mediated through NF‐κB signaling. Together, these results indicate that CD44v6v9^+/+ cells are CSCs in EBVaGC that are maintained through the LMP2A/NF‐κB pathway. Future studies should investigate CD44v6/v9^+/+ cells in normal and neoplastic gastric epithelium to prevent and treat this specific subtype of gastric cancer infected with EBV.     

ArcCHECK系统在食管癌螺旋断层放疗计划验证中的应用

目的 探讨ArcCHECK系统在食管癌断层治疗旋转照射和固定野照射计划验证中的应用,总结相关经验。方法 对32例不同部位食管癌分别制作Helical旋转照射和Direct固定野照射验证计划,并通过ArcCHECK测量、分析,对比验证结果通过率。分析靶体积与计划验证通过率的相关性。将靶体积较小的治疗验证计划分别放在ArcCHECK模体中心和外周探测点处,分析验证通过率差异。结果 Helical计划验证通过率高于Direct计划(P<0.01),其靶体积与验证通过率的相关系数分别为-0.364和-0.042,P值分别为0.041和0.819。Helical计划采用3%/2mm标准时,高剂量区放在模体中心和外周探测点处测得的通过率不同(P=0.005),后者通过率更高;采用3%/3mm标准时与Direct计划的3%/3m、3%/2mm标准的相近(P均>0.05)。结论 Helical计划验证通过率普遍高于Direct计划,原因可能与ArcCHECK探测器的角度响应以及因更多参考点受到低剂量辐射而未参与计算有关,另外还可能跟Direct计划对断层治疗剂量控制系统要求更高有关。在Helical验证计划中,当采用3%/3mm标准时,靶体积越大,验证时出现较低通过率的可能性增加,但相关系数较低。验证计划的高剂量区位于模体中心或者探测点处都可以实现计划验证,综合考量建议放在模体等中心处。     

急诊胃镜下套扎术、硬化术和组织胶注射术治疗食管胃交界区静脉曲张破裂出血效果分析

目的探讨急诊胃镜下套扎术(EVL)、硬化术(EIS)和组织胶注射术(HI)在食管胃交界区静脉曲张破裂出血治疗中的有效性和安全性,以及不同止血方法的合理选择。方法选取2017年6月-2019年6月北京世纪坛医院和解放军总医院第五医学中心急诊胃镜止血治疗的肝硬化食管胃交界区静脉曲张破裂出血患者共1264例,按照急诊胃镜下不同止血方法进行分组,比较EVL组、EIS组、HI组间的操作成功率、止血成功率、早期再出血率及术后并发症;依据出血位置进行再分类,比较不同出血部位不同止血方法的止血成功率。计量资料3组间比较采用方差分析,计数资料3组间比较采用χ2检验。结果不同止血方法组间操作成功率差异显著(χ2=75.01,P<0.05),EIS、HI操作成功率明显高于EVL,EIS高于HI(P值均<0.05)。不同止血方法组间止血成功率差异显著(χ2=9.885,P<0.05),HI止血成功率高于EVL及EIS(P值均<0.05)。不同组间术后早期再出血率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.290,P=0.865)。不同组间术后并发症比较,术后误吸并发肺炎、发热、胸骨后不适差异显著(χ2值分别为19.08、23.94、19.56,P值均<0.05);EVL术后误吸并发肺炎的发生率高于EIS、HI,HI术后发热比例高于EVL、EIS,EVL、HI术后胸骨后不适发生率高于EIS,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。食管胃交界线(EGJ)线上1~5 cm内EIS、EVL止血成功率高;EGJ线上1 cm至线下2 cm内EIS与HI止血成功率无明显差异;EGJ线下2~5 cm内HI止血成功率高。结论EVL、EIS、HI为治疗食管胃交界区静脉曲张破裂出血有效方法,依据出血位置合理选择止血方法可提高止血疗效。     

食管鳞癌基因多态性表达与生存分析

目的:探讨食管鳞癌肿瘤组织中ERCC1、TYMS、TUBB3基因表达与预后生存的关系。方法:选择2012年9月至2016年5月我科收治的68例食管鳞癌患者，术后病理分期IIa-IIIa期；检测肿瘤组织ERCC1、TYMS、TUBB3 mRNA表达水平。术后患者分为个体化化疗组和标准化疗组，个体化组患者根据基因检测结果选择敏感药物化疗方案（CF/DCF/TC方案）进行化疗，标准组应用CF方案化疗，所有患者长期随访，统计化疗不良反应及生存数据。结果:肿瘤组织中ERCC1、TYMS、TUBB3阳性表达率分别为43%、47%、51%，无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。所有患者总一年生存率、两年生存率及三年生存率为分别为90.57%，72.45%和59.77%。生存曲线分析提示:0项基因阳性组预后最佳（P＜0.05），而1项、2项和3项基因阳性组间无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。个体化化疗组的III/IV级化疗不良反应发生率明显低于标准化疗组（P＜0.05）。结论:食管鳞癌患者中ERCC1、TYMS、TUBB3表达具有特定的临床特征，其高表达患者预后欠佳。根据基因检测结果进行个体化化疗可以获得更好的疗效和耐受性，不良反应更轻。     

Coffee Consumption and Colon Cancer Risk: A Meta- Epidemiological Study of Asian Cohort Studies

Objective: A systematic review reported that coffee consumption would decrease risk of colon cancer in Asian women. But the systematic review arises the issue of duplication, so that a meta-epidemiological study was conducted. Methods: The selection criteria were defined that a prospective cohort follow-up study conducted to evaluate coffee consumption and risk of colon cancer in Asian and showed adjusted relative risk and its 95% confidence interval. In order to conduct meta-analysis, the highest versus lowest method was applied to extract relative risk and its 95% confidence intervals of the highest category. Random effect model was applied if I-squared value was over 50%. Results: After avoiding duplication, 9 cohort data were selected for meta-analysis. The summary relative risk (and their 95% confidence intervals) [I-square value] were 0.90 (95% CI: 0.79-1.03) [0.0%] in men, and 0.64 (95% CI: 0.36-1.15) [65.9%] in women, respectively. Conclusions: The results suggest that coffee consumption is not associated with the risk of colon cancer in Asian men and women. The findings of this study are consistent with the results of two systematic reviews conducted under the same hypothesis and selection criteria. Additional epidemiological studies are needed for the inflection of colon cancer risk as the dose of coffee increases and the difference in the protective effect by sex.     

中药对恶性肿瘤患者T细胞亚群影响的研究进展

大量研究表明中药对恶性肿瘤患者T细胞亚群具有免疫增强作用。本文就中药对恶性肿瘤患者T细胞亚群的免疫增强作用的相关研究进行了总结，从单味中药、复方中药、中药有效成分、中成药四个方面进行论述。并对中药的免疫增强作用进行了总结展望。     

Diabetes,Metformin, and Lung Cancer: Retrospective Study of the Korean NHIS-HEALS Database

BackgroundMetformin is the first option in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and has pleotropic effects. We studied the incidence of lung cancer in patients who received metformin therapy.Patients and MethodsThis study was retrospectively designed and based on the Korean National Health Insurance Service–National Health Screening Cohort to determine whether metformin reduces lung cancer risk in the diabetic population. At baseline, all participants were 40 to 69 years old and were categorized into 3 groups: metformin nonrecipients with DM, metformin recipients with DM, and the nondiabetic group.ResultsA total of 336,168 individuals were included in the final analysis (314,291 nondiabetic individuals, 8806 metformin recipients, and 13,071 metformin nonrecipients). The study median follow-up period was 12.86 years. The estimated cumulative lung cancer incidence of metformin nonrecipients, metformin recipients, and the nondiabetic group was 1.80%, 1.97%, and 1.24% in men and 1.87%, 0.61%, and 0.41% in women, respectively (P < .05). Compared to metformin nonrecipients, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for lung cancer incidence of metformin recipients and the nondiabetic group were 1.287 (0.979-1.691) and 0.835 (0.684-1.019) in men and 0.664 (0.374-1.177) and 0.553 (0.359-0.890) in women, respectively. The hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were statistically significant in male ever smokers (0.784 [0.627-0.979]) and female nonsmokers (0.498 [0.320-0.774]) after stratification according to smoking status.ConclusionMetformin therapy did not reduce lung cancer incidence in the diabetic population. However, individuals without DM were at a lower risk of lung cancer, especially in male ever smokers and female nonsmokers.     

Early Diagnosis of a Pediatric Pancreatic Tumor by Abdominal Physical Examination: A Case Report

BackgroundDetecting a neoplasm in pediatric patients with acute abdominal pain is difficult, especially when there is no palpable mass. Ihara's maneuver, which allows the physician to apply manual pressure directly on the pancreatic body, is a useful palpation method of diagnosing acute pancreatitis in children. We report a case of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas (SPNP) detected by Ihara's maneuver.Case ReportAn otherwise healthy, 15-year-old male visited our emergency department with acute abdominal pain and nausea. His vital signs were appropriate for his age. A physical examination denied peritoneal signs, but Ihara's maneuver induced strong tenderness. His serum amylase and lipase were normal. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan revealed a well-defined, 2.2-cm, nonenhanced mass in the pancreatic tail. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy was performed, and the diagnosis of SPNP was confirmed. The patient was well postoperatively without any metastasis. SPNP is a rare neoplasm with low malignant potential. Although it typically occurs in young females, it has also been reported in children. The early diagnosis of SPNP is usually challenging because most patients do not have specific symptoms or laboratory findings. In the present case, the SPNP was difficult to detect by palpation because of its size, but Ihara's maneuver induced strong tenderness of the pancreas and led to a diagnosis.Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?Ihara's maneuver has the potential to enable early diagnosis not only of pancreatitis but also of pancreatic tumors, such as SPNP.